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    • Louisiana's Business Judgment Rule Protects Corporate Officers From Being Second Guessed, Unlike California's Corporate Law By J. Eric Lockridge and Glenn M. Farnet Louisiana protects corporate directors and officers from liability to shareholders or others when they make decisions in good faith and reasonably believe that their decisions are in the best interest of the organization. This principal, called the “business judgment rule,” gives officers and directors the freedom to take risks and to make decisions without wondering if shareholders or others will attempt to sue them, personally, if a particular decision ultimately results in a loss to the company. The business judgment rule itself is not news; it has been discussed in American case law since at least the 1940s, and is now codified in the statutory law of some states, including Louisiana. The blog-worthy news about the business judgment rule is a December 13, 2011 court decision from a federal court in California in FDIC v. Perry noting that the statutory version of the rule enacted by California’s legislature protects only ....
    • GO Zone Bonds Approved for Current Refundings By Angela W. Adolph The Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (the “Act”) added several new sections to the Internal Revenue Code that provide certain tax benefits for affected hurricane disaster areas. Section 1400N(a) authorized the issuance of Qualified Private Activity Bonds (“Qualified Bonds”) to finance the construction and rehabilitation of residential and nonresidential property located in the Gulf Opportunity Zone (“GO Zone”). The Act gave private business owners and corporations the opportunity to borrow capital at favorable tax-exempt rates to acquire, construct, reconstruct or renovate qualified property in the GO Zone. The deadline for the issuance of GO Zone Bonds was extended through the end of 2011. However, the Act did not address the current refunding of Qualified Bonds after the applicable issuance deadline had passed.   In a refunding, an issuer sells bonds and uses the proceeds to redeem outstanding debt that typically has ....
    • Final Regulations Issued for Financing Solid Waste Disposal Facilities By Angela W. Adolph The Internal Revenue Code restricts the amount of private business use that can occur in facilities financed with tax-exempt bond proceeds, but there are a number of exceptions to this general rule. Certain facilities (“exempt facilities”) that are privately used are eligible for tax-exempt bond financing if they benefit the general public or implement specific Congressional policies. In August, the IRS issued final regulations for determining whether a facility is a “solid waste disposal facility” that qualifies for tax-exempt bond financing.The final regulations define a “solid waste disposal facility” as a facility that processes solid waste in a qualified solid waste disposal process, performs a function preliminary to such process, or is functionally related and subordinate to the facility. Under prior regulations, the solid waste had to have no value, which greatly limited the facilities that could be financed with ....
    • Trademark Protection and the New .XXX Domain Name Launch By Benjamin M. Anderson Today, the ICM Registry launched the new sponsored top-level domain – .XXX. The .XXX domain is being launched specifically for the adult entertainment industry; however, the .XXX launch is also important for individuals, businesses, and organizations owning trademark rights. Trademark owners will have a short, fifty-two (52) day period (“Sunrise B period”) to protect their trademarks from .XXX registry ahead of wider availability on the .XXX domain. The Sunrise B period will run from September 7, 2011 to October 28, 2011. The .XXX Registry is allowing trademark owners to block their marks in the .XXX domain (e.g., yourmark.xxx). The owner of a registered mark desiring to opt-out of the .XXX domain may submit an application to the .XXX Registry, with a one-time fee of $225 per domain name. This application, if granted, will remove that domain name from the pool of domain names available for future registration. Essentially, a successful ....
    • Louisiana Approved for SSBCI Funding By Angela W. Adolph Last week, the United States Department of the Treasury announced the approval of applications from Louisiana and a handful of other states for State Small Business Credit Initiative (“SSBCI”) funding. The SSBCI is an important component of the Small Business Jobs Act (“the Act”) that was signed into law last fall. This funding is intended to provide support to state-level programs, and is designed to generate billions in additional small-business lending and help create new private sector jobs. Under the Act, these states’ programs may receive a total of $360 million in SSBCI funds. Under the SSBCI, states must demonstrate a reasonable expectation that each $1 in federal funding will generate a minimum of $10 in new private lending. Accordingly, this $360 million allocation is expected to support more than $3.6 billion in new private lending. The states approved for SSBCI funding are: Alabama ($31.3 million), Florida ($97.7 million), ....
    • Parties Cannot Avoid Patent Infringement by Conducting Negotiations Outside the United States for Products that will be Delivered and Utilized in the United States By R. Lee Vail In Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc. v. Maersk Contractors USA, Inc, 617 F.3d 1296 (Fed. Cir. 2010), the Federal Circuit reversed a district court’s summary judgment decision that no patent infringement occurred when a US company made an offer to sell to another US company when the sale negotiations occurred outside of the US. Transocean filed suit for infringement of patents related to an improved apparatus for conducting offshore drilling. In order to drill for oil and other offshore resources, drilling rigs must lower several components to the seabed including the drill bit, casings, BOB’s, and the drill string. A conventional offshore drilling rig utilizes a derrick with a single top drive and drawworks that can only lower one element at a time in a time consuming process. Transocean patented a specialized derrick to improve the efficiency of lowering the above components. The specialized derrick included “two stations – a main ....
    • A Primer on Public-Private Partnerships By Angela W. Adolph In today’s political and economic environment, in which public resources available for infrastructure development and maintenance are increasingly scarce, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) offer a welcome alternative to traditional financing and operation models. A PPP is a contractual agreement between a public agency (federal, state or local) entity and a private sector entity to deliver a service or facility for public use. The Louisiana Supreme Court has recognized the public benefits of PPPs, finding that “public-private partnerships that take advantage of the special expertise of the private sector are among the most effective programs to encourage and maintain economic development, and that it is in the best interest of the State and its local governments to encourage, create, and support public-private partnerships.” See Board of Directors of Indus. Devel. Bd. of City of Gonzales, Louisiana, Inc. v. All Taxpayers, Property Owners, Citizens ....
    • New Louisiana E-Verify System Laws Place Additional Requirements on Employers to Check Citizenship Status of Employees By Phyllis D. Sims Louisiana legislators passed two new laws during the most recent Legislative Session placing additional requirements on employers to check the citizenship status of employees. Act 376 provides for the verification of employees engaged only in public contract work by enacting La. R.S. 38:2212.10.  The new law provides that a private employer shall not bid on or contract with a public entity unless the employer attests via sworn affidavit to the use of an immigration verification system to verify that all employees in the state of Louisiana are legal citizens of the U.S. or are legal aliens.  All subcontractors are required to do the same.  Violations of the new law may result in cancellation of the public contract and ineligibility for any public contract for a period of three years or less.  If the employer complies with the verification provisions and relies on the information obtained in accordance with the verification system, the employer is ....
    • Insurer's Breach Not a Waiver By Todd A. Rossi Does an insurer waive its policy defenses when it breaches its duty to defend?  In Arceneaux v. Amstar Corp., 211 WL 2591701 (La. July, 2011), the insurer breached its duty to defend by issuing a denial of coverage and withdrawing from the insured’s defense.  The insurer’s action was based on the mistaken belief that its policies contained an exclusionary provision when, in fact, the exclusion was no longer effective.  According to the trial court, breaching the duty to defend resulted in a waiver of the coverage defenses.  The Louisiana Supreme Court concluded to the contrary, differentiating between a breach and a waiver.  Waiver is an intentional relinquishment of a known right or power, and occurs when an insurer with knowledge of the facts indicating non-coverage assumes or continues the defense without obtaining a non-waiver agreement to reserve its coverage defenses.  Under those circumstances, the insured is led to ....
    • Warning: Solicitations For Corporate Records Services By Matthew C. Meiners Recently, Louisiana businesses have received solicitation by mail from a private company regarding services related to the maintenance of corporate meeting minutes.  An “Annual Meeting Disclosure Statement,” provided as part of the solicitation, cites certain provisions of La. R.S. 12:223 which requires every corporation to keep certain records, including records of the meetings of its members and directors, at its registered office.  The solicitation goes on to declare that “Not satisfying the minimum annual filing requirements in a timely manner causes your company to be in ‘bad standing’ with the state.”  Finally, services are offered with the statement, “We assist corporations to avoid potential non-compliance with the above provision of maintaining Annual Meeting Minutes.” Although it is unclear what services are actually being offered in the solicitation described above, Louisiana business owners ....
    • Patent Marking - It Could Cost You Millions By Pamela A. Baxter In the United States, patent owners or licensees are required to inform alleged infringers of their possibly infringing behavior prior to being able to recover damages for the infringement of a valid U.S. patent. (1)  Marking a product with the applicable patent number provides the requisite notice. (2)  However, failure to monitor products marked with a patent number can have dire consequences. 35 U.S.C § 292 prohibits the marking of an unpatented article as being “patented.” § 292 states that “[w]hoever marks upon, or affixes to, or uses in advertising in connection with any unpatented article, the word “patent” or any word or number importing that the same is patented for the purpose of deceiving the public… [s]hall be fined not more than $500 for every such offense.” (3) Currently, any person may bring a lawsuit for a violation of 35 U.S.C. § 292 and get half of any fines levied ....
    • Lenders and Developers Need to Understand How Louisiana's Private Works Act Applies to Their Projects By J. Eric Lockridge A recent opinion from the United States Bankruptcy Court in Baton Rouge, Louisiana shows that even experienced lenders and developers may not always understand how Louisiana’s Private Works Act applies to their project, and how much leverage a properly filed notice of contract can provide to a general contractor.  Tuscany Reserve, LLC (“LLC”) was formed by sophisticated developers for the purpose of developing a new apartment complex in Baton Rouge. LLC obtained acquisition and construction financing from a bank (1st Bank), which properly recorded its mortgage on the project before work commenced. LLC hired “Contractor” to build the complex; Contractor recorded its notice of contract in the parish mortgage records.  As often happens, a dispute developed between LLC and Contractor regarding the work performed and lack of payment.  Contractor stopped work and filed a lien on the property under the Louisiana Private Works ....
    • Court Recharacterizes S Corporation Dividend to Shareholder-Employee as Wages By Kevin C. Curry A recent federal district court case (Watson v. U.S., 107AFTR 2d 2011-311) has held that the IRS could recharacterize purported dividend payments to an S corporation shareholder-employee as wages. In this case, a CPA was a sole shareholder, employee, director and officer of a professional corporation that was taxed as an S Corporation. The corporation was a member of a firm that rendered accounting services. In the years at issue, the shareholder-employee paid himself a salary of $24,000.00 while he received dividend distributions totaling over $175,000.00 annually. In this case, the taxpayer’s wholly-owned S corporation was actually a 25% shareholder in an accounting firm with other members. All of the cash income to the taxpayer’s professional corporation came exclusively from the accounting firm. After reviewing all of the facts of the case, the court concluded that all of the distributions from the S corporation were in fact remuneration for services ....
    • Louisiana Supreme Court Refuses to Review Net Operating Loss Decision By Chris Dicharry and Jenny Phillips The Louisiana Supreme Court has refused to review the decision of the First Circuit Court of Appeal in ConAgra Foods, Inc. vs. Bridges, 2010-0907 (La. App. 1st Cir. 10/29/10), 48 So.3d 1249. In ConAgra Foods, the First Circuit determined that ConAgra Foods, Inc. would receive the benefits of Louisiana net operating loss carryovers held by subsidiaries, which had been sold in Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) §338(h)(10) transactions . Under federal tax law, the parties to a stock sale can elect IRC §338(h)(10) treatment such that the stock sale is treated as an asset sale for income tax purposes and the tax attributes of the subsidiaries that are sold are acquired by the selling parent corporation. The steps that occur under an IRC §338(h)(10) transaction are as follows: Step One: Prior to the transaction, a potential purchaser negotiates to acquire the stock of a subsidiary of a parent company. Step Two: On the day of the ....
    • State Tax Nexus Issues By G. Blane Clark, Jr. and Mattew Meiners As companies expand their operation into foreign states, it is essential to determine the potential tax liability for conducting business in those jurisdictions.  Although states differ as to their treatment of out-of-state taxpayers, all states are bound by the U.S. Constitution and federal law and jurisprudence, which require a nexus between a taxpayer and a foreign state before a tax may be imposed.  Read the entire article.  ....
    • Piercing the Veil of an LLC - The Fourth Circuit Weighs In By Matthew C. Meiners The application of corporate veil piercing theories to limited liability companies is still in its early stages in Louisiana jurisprudence. In Hollowell v. Orleans Regional Hosp. LLC, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit became the first court applying Louisiana law to pierce the veil of a Louisiana limited liability company on an “alter ego basis,” adopting from corporate veil piercing jurisprudence a non-exhaustive list of factors, namely: 1) commingling of corporate and shareholder funds; 2) failure to follow statutory formalities for incorporating and transacting corporate affairs; 3) undercapitalization; 4) failure to provide separate bank accounts and bookkeeping records; and 5) failure to hold regular shareholder and director meetings. 217 F.3d 379, 385-386 (5th Cir. 7/18/00); citing Riggins v. Dixie Shoring Co., 590 So.2d 1164, 1168 (La. 1991). The court emphasized that the inquiry is in fact a “totality of the ....
    • Structuring the Purchase of a Vessel Through a Corporate Entity for Tax Purposes Can Have Unintended Consequences By Sean T. McLaughlin It is a fairly common practice for individuals purchasing pleasure yachts to take calculated steps to minimize sales taxes on their purchases. In fact, a simple “Google” search on the subject reveals many websites offering free advice on this issue. One of the tactics suggested by several websites seems fairly simple: instead of the individual purchasing the yacht, the individual forms a corporation, and the corporation purchases the yacht.First and foremost, the author strongly recommends that any individuals considering purchasing a yacht seek the advice of legal counsel. The author specifically recommends seeking the advice of both a tax attorney and a litigation attorney. Why? A tax attorney can offer qualified legal advice concerning the sales tax issues surrounding the purchase. A litigation attorney can advise that structuring a purchase through a corporate entity can have significant non tax-related implications, including a complete bar ....
    • Supreme Court Clarifies Definition of a Corporation's "Principal Place of Business" By Bradley C. Myers   The United States Supreme Court recently resolved conflicts among the Circuit Courts about the citizenship of a corporation for determining diversity of citizenship jurisdiction (1). This will allow corporations to analyze with more predictable results whether to remove a case to federal court. In Hertz Corp. v. Friend, et al, No. 08-1107 (February 23, 2010) (a unanimous decision, which is unusual in and of itself), the Court decided that when determining a corporation’s citizenship for diversity of citizenship jurisdiction, the “principal place of business” of the corporation is “the place where the corporation’s high level officers direct, control, and coordinate the corporation’s activities”—something that courts have referred to as the “nerve center” of the corporation.Melinda Friend and John Nhieu sued Hertz Corporation in California state court alleging violations of California’s wage and ....
    • How to Sell Your Business Cordell and Brian Haymon are attorneys, which means the fine points of selling a business do not intimidate them. Yet when the time came to sell Petroleum Services Corporation, a firm their father started in 1952, they didn’t try to do all the work themselves. Instead, they hired Kean Miller's Blane Clark. As Mr. Clark explains, many business owners are far less comfortable with the process. Read the entire article.      ....
    • U.S. House of Representatives Approves Two Healthcare Reform Bills On March 21, 2010, the U.S. House of Representatives on almost a straight party-line vote passed two final healthcare reform bills late Sunday night. Initially, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 3950, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, by a vote of 219 to 212. Following the passage of H.R. 3950, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 4872, the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010, by a vote of 220 to 211. This second bill by the House modifies the Senate bill (H.R. 3590), and H.R. 4872 will serve as the foundation for any changes made by Congress to the current healthcare delivery, payment and insurance system. Some of the insurance-related changes that may have immediate impact include: lifetime caps on coverage end; children can stay on parents’ policies until age 26, and insurance companies can’t cancel coverage except in the case of fraud. A significant issue of addressing the Medicare physician payment formula still ....